A. Jerusalem is
conquered.
1.
(1-3) Jerusalem under siege.
Now it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the
tenth month, on the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar
king of Babylon and all his army came against Jerusalem and encamped against
it; and they built a siege wall against it all around. So the city was besieged
until the eleventh year of King Zedekiah. By the ninth day of the fourth
month the famine had become so severe in the city that there was no food
for the people of the land.
a. They
built a siege wall against it all around: Nebuchadnezzar used
the common method of attack in those days of securely walled cities – a siege wall.
A siege was intended to surround a city, prevent all business and trade from
entering or leaving the city, and to eventually starve the population into
surrender.
i. “The Babylonians relied initially on tight control using ‘watch towers’ rather than siege works, allowing those who wished to leave to do so (cf. 2 Kings 25:11; Jeremiah 38:19; 39:9), but starving out the city (Jeremiah 38:2-9).” (Wiseman)
ii. In the ninth year of his reign:
“This is the first time in Kings that an event in the history of Israel is
dated by a foreign era.” (Dilday)
b. The famine had become so severe in the city: This was the intended goal of a siege. This indicates that Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonians were at the point of victory over Jerusalem.
i. “The one and a half year siege
may be due to (i) Nebuchadnezzar’s absence at Riblah and concern with
containing the Phoenician sea-ports and, (ii) his watchfulness against Egypt’s
potential intervention on behalf of Zedekiah (Jeremiah 37:5, 11).” (Wiseman)
2.
(4-7) Zedekiah is captured and executed.
Then the city wall was broken through, and all the men of
war fled at night by way of the gate between two walls, which was by the
king’s garden, even though the Chaldeans were still encamped all around
against the city. And the king went by way of the plain. But the army of
the Chaldeans pursued the king, and they overtook him in the plains of Jericho.
All his army was scattered from him. So they took the king and brought him up
to the king of Babylon at Riblah, and they pronounced judgment on him. Then
they killed the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes, put out the eyes of Zedekiah,
bound him with bronze fetters, and took him to Babylon.
a. Then the city wall was broken through: At this desperate point for Judah at the siege of Jerusalem, Zedekiah made a last-chance effort to escape the grip of the nearly-completely successful siege. They planned a secret break through the city walls and the siege lines of the Babylonians, using a diversionary tactic.
i. “It seems that the army
scattered to avoid capture; some link the prophecy of Obadiah 2-14 about Edom
to this time.” (Wiseman)
b. The army of the Chaldeans pursued the king, and they overtook him in the plains of Jericho: This was a considerable distance from Jerusalem. Zedekiah probably thought that his strategy was successful, and that he had escaped the judgment that prophets such as Jeremiah had promised. Yet God’s word was demonstrated to be true and he was captured in the plains of Jericho.
i. “It seems ironic that here, at the very spot where Israel first set foot on the Promised Land, the last of the Davidic kings was captured and his monarchy shattered. Here, where Israel experienced her first victory as the walls of Jericho feel before unarmed men who trusted God, was the scene of her last defeat.” (Dilday)
c. Then they killed the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes, put out the eyes of Zedekiah: The Babylonians were not known to be as cruel as the Assyrians who conquered the northern kingdom of Israel some 150 years earlier, but they were still experts in cruelty in their own right. They made certain that the last sight King Zedekiah saw was the murder of his own sons, and then he spent the rest of his life in darkness.
i. This fulfilled the mysterious promise God made through Ezekiel regarding Zedekiah shortly before the fall of Jerusalem: I will also spread My net over him, and he shall be caught in My snare. I will bring him to Babylon, to the land of the Chaldeans; yet he shall not see it, though he shall die there. (Ezekiel 12:13)
ii. “This also fulfilled Ezekiel’s prophecy that Zedekiah would be taken to Babylon but not see it (Ezekiel 12:13). Blinding prisoners was a rare occurrence (cf. Judges 16:21), for most were put to work. If Zedekiah had heeded the prophet’s word he would have saved both Jerusalem and himself (Jeremiah 38:14-28), for he was to die in Babylon (Ezekiel 12:14).” (Wiseman)
iii. “With his eyes put out, and bound in fetters, he was carried to the court of the conqueror, the symbol of the people who had rebelled against God, and had been broken in pieces.” (Morgan)
iv. “The eyes of whose mind had been put out long before; else he might have foreseen and prevented this evil – as prevision is the best means of prevention, – had he taken warning by what was foretold.” (Trapp)
v. “Josephus (Antiquities x.8.8) says Nebuchadnezzar ‘kept Zedekiah in prison
until he died; and then buried him magnificently.’ This agrees with Jeremiah
34:5.” (Knapp)
3.
(8-10) The destruction of Jerusalem.
And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the
month (which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar king of
Babylon), Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of
Babylon, came to Jerusalem. He burned the house of the Lord and the king’s house; all the houses of Jerusalem, that
is, all the houses of the great, he burned with fire. And all the army of the
Chaldeans who were with the captain of the guard broke down the walls of
Jerusalem all around.
a. He burned the house of the Lord: Solomon’s great temple was now a ruin. It would stay a ruin for many years, until it was humbly rebuilt by the returning exiles in the days of Ezra.
i. “The Talmud declares that when the Babylonians entered the temple, they held a two-day feast there to desecrate it; then, on the third day, they set fire to the building. The Talmud adds that the fire burned throughout that day and the next.” (Dilday)
ii. “Thus the temple was destroyed in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, the nineteenth of Nebuchadnezzar, the first of the XLVIIIth Olympiad, in the one hundred and sixtieth current year of the era of Nabonassar, four hundred and twenty-four years three months and eight days from the time in which Solomon laid its foundation stone.” (Clarke)
b. Broke down the walls of Jerusalem all around: The walls of Jerusalem – the physical security of the city – were now destroyed. Jerusalem was no longer a place of safety and security. The walls would remain a ruin until they were rebuilt by the returning exiles in the days of Nehemiah.
i. On Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard: “That title in Hebrew is literally, ‘the chief executioner’ or ‘the slaughterer.’ Methodically, he set about to demolish the beautiful city, burning the palace and the chief buildings, breaking down the walls, and wrecking the temple.” (Dilday)
4.
(11-17) The remainder is taken captive and plundered.
Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away
captive the rest of the people who remained in the city and the
defectors who had deserted to the king of Babylon, with the rest of the
multitude. But the captain of the guard left some of the poor of the
land as vinedressers and farmers. The bronze pillars that were in the
house of the Lord, and the carts
and the bronze Sea that were in the house of the Lord, the Chaldeans broke in pieces, and carried their bronze
to Babylon. They also took away the pots, the shovels, the trimmers, the
spoons, and all the bronze utensils with which the priests ministered. The
firepans and the basins, the things of solid gold and solid silver, the captain
of the guard took away. The two pillars, one Sea, and the carts, which Solomon
had made for the house of the Lord,
the bronze of all these articles was beyond measure. The height of one pillar was
eighteen cubits, and the capital on it was of bronze. The height of
the capital was three cubits, and the network and pomegranates all around the
capital were all of bronze. The second pillar was the same, with a network.
a. Carried
away captive the rest of the people who remained in the city: This
was the third major wave of captivity, taking the remaining people all except
for the poor
of the land.
i. “Of the prominent men of Jerusalem, only Jeremiah and Gedaliah were left behind (2 Kings 25:22; cf. Jerusalem 39:11-14). Jeremiah’s stand on the Babylonian issue was doubtless well-known.” (Dilday)
ii. “In Hebrew, the first twelve verses of the chapter are one long sentence, each verse beginning with ‘and.’ Clause is heaped upon clause in a kind of cadence, as if each one were another tick of the clock counting down Jerusalem’s final hours.” (Dilday)
b. And carried their bronze to Babylon . . . the things of solid gold and solid silver, the captain of the guard took away: As the remaining people were taken captive to Babylon, so also the remaining valuables from the temple were taken. Jerusalem was left desolate, completely plundered under the judgment of God.
i. Jeremiah 52:17-23 is a detailed inventory of
all that the Babylonians looted from the temple.
5.
(18-21) The authority of Nebuchadnezzar over Jerusalem and Judah.
And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest,
Zephaniah the second priest, and the three doorkeepers. He also took out of the
city an officer who had charge of the men of war, five men of the king’s close
associates who were found in the city, the chief recruiting officer of the
army, who mustered the people of the land, and sixty men of the people of the
land who were found in the city. So Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard,
took these and brought them to the king of Babylon at Riblah. Then the king of
Babylon struck them and put them to death at Riblah in the land of Hamath. Thus
Judah was carried away captive from its own land.
a. The
king of Babylon struck them and put them to death: These last
leaders of Jerusalem and Judah were also captured and put to death. The king of Babylon
had what seemed to be complete rule over the former Kingdom of Judah.
b. Thus
Judah was carried away captive from its own land: This was
the land God gave to His people, the tribes of Israel. They had possessed this
land for some 860 years; they took it by
faith and obedience but they lost it through idolatry and sin.
i. “The reader cannot help but be struck by the passionless tone
of the narrative in this chapter. Note once does the author show his feelings,
even though he is describing the tragic downfall of his country. We have to
turn to the Book of Lamentations for weeping and groaning.” (Dilday)
ii. “Thus the nation called to peculiar position of honor, became a people scattered and peeled, losing all their privileges because of their failure to fulfill responsibility.” (Morgan)
iii. “Israel wanted to be as the other nations around her, imitating their organization, and allying herself now with one, and then with another; in consequence she was swept into captivity to the very nation whose fashions she most affected (Isaiah 39).” (Meyer)
iv. “And thus was Judah carried away out of her own land four hundred and sixty-eight years after David began to reign over it; from the division of the ten tribes three hundred and eighty-eight years; and from the destruction of the kingdom of Israel, one hundred and thirty-four years; A.M. 3416, and before Christ five hundred and ninety.” (Clarke)
B. Judah and Jerusalem
under the Babylonians.
1.
(22-24) Gedaliah is made the governor.
Then he made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan,
governor over the people who remained in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar
king of Babylon had left. Now when all the captains of the armies, they and their
men, heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah governor, they came
to Gedaliah at Mizpah; Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, Johanan the son of Careah,
Seraiah the son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite, and Jaazaniah the son of a
Maachathite, they and their men. And Gedaliah took an oath before them and
their men, and said to them, “Do not be afraid of the servants of the
Chaldeans. Dwell in the land and serve the king of Babylon, and it shall be
well with you.”
a. The king of Babylon had made Gedaliah governor: It seems that Gedaliah was a good and godly man, who was a friend of the Prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 26:24 and 39:14).
i. “Gedaliah had the reputation of being gentle and generous (Josephus, Antiquities x.9.1) and his enemies played on this.” (Wiseman)
b. Dwell in the land and serve the king of
Babylon, and it shall be well with you: It seemed unpatriotic and
perhaps ungodly to do this, but it was the right thing to do. They best they
could do under this situation of deserved and unstoppable judgment was to
simply accept it from the hand of God and do the right thing under the
Babylonians.
i. It was the right thing to do because although it was hard to accept,
it was true that the Babylonians were doing the work of God in bringing this
judgment upon the deserving Kingdom of Judah. In this situation, to resist the
Babylonians was to resist God. It was better to humble one’s self and to submit
to the judgment of God brought through the Babylonians.
ii. This was the question that bothered the Prophet Habakkuk so much:
Even though Judah was wicked and deserved judgment, how could God use an even
more wicked kingdom like Babylon to bring judgment? Habakkuk dealt with these
difficult questions in Habakkuk 1:5-2:8.
2.
(25-26) The assassination of Gedaliah.
But it happened in the seventh month that Ishmael the son of
Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the royal family, came with ten men and
struck and killed Gedaliah, the Jews, as well as the Chaldeans who were with
him at Mizpah. And all the people, small and great, and the captains of the
armies, arose and went to Egypt; for they were afraid of the Chaldeans.
a. Came with ten men and struck and killed Gedaliah: Because Gedaliah led the remaining people of Judah to submit to the Babylonians (also here called the Chaldeans), he was assassinated as a traitor to the resistance movement against the Babylonians.
b. All the people . . . arose and went to Egypt: They did this because they were afraid of what the Babylonians would do to them in light of the assassination of Gedaliah the governor. In this case, going to Egypt was worse than submitted to the judgment of God brought through the Babylonians.
i. “The existence of the Jews in Egypt in the
fifth century is now illustrated by the Elephantine Papyri.” (Dilday)
3.
(27-30) Jehoiachin’s situation in Babylon improves.
Now it came to pass in the thirty-seventh year of the
captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the
twenty-seventh day of the month, that Evil-Merodach king of
Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, released Jehoiachin king of Judah
from prison. He spoke kindly to him, and gave him a more prominent seat than
those of the kings who were with him in Babylon. So Jehoiachin changed
from his prison garments, and he ate bread regularly before the king all the
days of his life. And as for his provisions, there was a regular ration
given him by the king, a portion for each day, all the days of his life.
a. In the thirty-seventh year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah: This King Jehoiachin was not the last king of Judah; Zedekiah came after him. But he was taken away to Babylon in bronze fetters (2 Kings 24:10-12). These last events of the Book of 2 Kings came when Jehoiachin had been a captive for many years.
i. “Since he was seemingly considered by the Judeans the last legitimate king, news of his later condition would be of great significance.” (Dilday)
b. Released Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison . . . spoke kindly to him, and gave him a more prominent seat: The final words of the Book of 2 Kings describe small kindness and blessings given in the worst circumstances. Judah was still depopulated; the people of God were still exiled; and the King of Judah was still a prisoner in Babylon. Yet, looking for even small notes of grace and mercy as evidences of the returning favor of God, the divine historian noted that King Jehoiachin began to receive better treatment in Babylon.
i. “This resulted from an agreement (mt, ‘spoke good (things) with him’) rather than just generally spoke kindly to him.” (Wiseman)
ii. “The Rabbins tell us that, his father returning to his right mind, after that he had for seven years’ space been turned a-grazing among the beasts of the field, cast Evil-merodach into the same prison with Jehoiachin, who told him his case, and thereby found this favour with him.” (Trapp)
iii. “This second appendix is added to remind the reader that while Jehoiachin was still in Babylon as the representative of David’s dynasty God still preserved his people. Some see this as intended to end the history on a hopeful note, perhaps even of ‘Messianic revival’.” (Wiseman)
iv. This was small, but evidence nonetheless that God was not done blessing and restoring His people, foreshadowing even greater blessing and restoration to come.
v. “Is it to be supposed that the
king of Babylon took more care of Jehoiachin than God will take care of us?”
(Meyer)
© 2006 David Guzik - No
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